Archives

Textile fibers as tools to understand criminal activity

Articles, Forensic police,

The recurring question in many criminal investigations is undoubtedly the following: what really happened? This seemingly simple question is often difficult to answer, even though both the tactical and scientific aspects of modern criminal investigations benefit from cutting-edge technologies. Added to this complexity are cases in which the victim is deceased, the suspect provides incomplete statements, or several suspects or witnesses offer contradictory versions of events. Investigators then have no choice but to turn to traces and physical evidence that may shed light on the modus operandi of the crime.

Activity as a key concept

The unfolding of a criminal act often involves an intense level of activity that sharply contrasts with the routine activities of daily life. Taking, for instance, a case of manual strangulation, the criminal act is likely to involve an initial struggle, followed by strangulation leading to death, and possibly the movement of the body in an attempt to conceal the crime. Such activity inevitably generates multiple points of contact between victim and perpetrator, resulting in the transfer of traces, as described by Edmond Locard in his Treatise on Criminalistics.

Verifying the presence or absence of traces is the first essential step in any criminal investigation. This preliminary search can already provide valuable clues to suggest a criminal act or the suspect’s presence at the scene. However, not all traces are immediately visible—examples include touch DNA or microtraces. Relevant sampling can later yield additional information through laboratory analyses. It should nevertheless be remembered that the absence of traces does not necessarily indicate an absence of contact, and conversely, the presence of traces may sometimes be legitimate.

Attempting to understand the modus operandi of a crime requires examining traces not merely in terms of their presence or absence, but rather in relation to their quantity and/or distribution. In the case of textile fibers, forensic literature has shown that intense and/or repeated contact—as occurs during a criminal act—results in the transfer of a greater number of fibers than ordinary, legitimate contact in daily life. As for the location of these fibers, it is often linked to the area where the most intense activity occurred, such as the neck region in cases of manual strangulation. The level of activity during the criminal event can therefore be inferred from both the quantity and distribution of transferred textile fibers.

Expertise de fibres en police scientifique - Forenseek

Different ways of representing the distribution of fiber traces on the victim’s body, used to illustrate the fiber examination report and facilitate understanding of contact areas. The colored image (top left) represents the actual crime scene photograph. The three other images show a schematic version of the body derived from that photograph. The position and density of the fiber traces can be represented using small colored symbols (here, orange dots) or by coloring the adhesive tape areas according to a graded color scale. © 2015 The Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved

The absence of traces does not always indicate the absence of contact, and the presence of traces may also have a legitimate origin.

Microscopic textile fiber traces

Textile fibers—microscopic entities and the fundamental components of textile materials—are generally present as protruding elements on the surface of clothing, from which they can be transferred through contact. The exchange of microscopic fiber traces between victim and perpetrator typically occurs through friction between their garments, particularly in areas of intense or repeated contact. It should be noted that fibers can also be transferred onto other substrates such as skin or hair. The exchanged fiber traces thus serve as microscopic evidence that contact has taken place—they simply await to be uncovered!

Microscopic textile fiber traces are usually invisible to the naked eye and therefore require systematic sampling. The most widely used collection method in Europe is the application of adhesive tapes over the entire surface likely to bear traces—a technique known as taping or tape-lifting. The manner in which adhesive tapes are applied depends on the working conditions and the objective of the collection. A “zonal” application (each adhesive tape is dabbed multiple times to cover an area larger than its own dimensions) may be considered sufficient when the objective is to preserve traces quickly, or when the garment has already been heavily handled—for instance, by emergency personnel. Conversely, if precise localization of traces is required, the ideal method is the “1:1” technique (each adhesive tape is applied once only to cover an area equivalent to its own size, with adjacent tapes placed edge to edge to cover a wider surface). The more precise the sampling technique, the clearer both the localization and quantity of fiber traces will appear on the trace mapping diagram produced after laboratory processing. It is worth noting that the “1:1” technique is recommended when blood or touch DNA traces are also to be analyzed on the clothing, as the “zonal” technique may disperse or dilute biological material.

The search for microscopic fiber traces on adhesive tapes is still carried out entirely manually. In the absence of automated equipment, the laboratory analyst examines each adhesive strip under a stereomicroscope, looking for relevant traces. For instance, if the suspect was wearing a red cotton T-shirt, the analyst examining the victim’s samples will focus attention on red cotton fibers of a similar hue to that of the suspect’s garment. The detected traces are usually marked directly on the adhesive tape with an indelible marker, allowing for easy localization and counting.

The next step involves analyzing part or all of the recovered traces, after carefully extracting them from the adhesive tape and mounting them individually on properly labeled glass slides to ensure full traceability. According to forensic literature, optimal discrimination is achieved by combining high-magnification microscopic examination (typically 400×) with objective color measurement obtained through microspectrophotometric absorbance analysis. The chemical composition of synthetic fibers may also be verified, when necessary, using infrared spectroscopy. Fiber traces exhibiting the same properties as those of the comparison garment are described as matching or indistinguishable from an analytical standpoint.

In cases where there is no prior information regarding the clothing worn by the perpetrator, the same type of analytical work can still be conducted, but in a more investigative approach.

Microtrace collection kit
Systematic sampling by tape-lifting
Search for relevant microtraces
Target fibers marked with an indelible marker on the adhesive tape
Extraction of fibers from the adhesive and individual mounting on a glass slide
Several properly labeled glass slides containing fibers extracted from the adhesive for analysis
High-magnification microscopic examination of a single fiber

Knowing both the quantity and location of the so-called corresponding traces makes it possible to establish a trace map on the victim’s body—provided that sampling covered the entire body (clothing, skin, and hair) of the deceased. A simpler trace diagram can also be produced when at least the victim’s clothing has been promptly collected following seizure.

In the absence of information regarding the clothing worn by the perpetrator, a similar analytical approach can still be undertaken, albeit in a more investigative manner. In this case, the laboratory analyst must identify, on the adhesive tapes, fibers of similar appearance (shape and color) that recur consistently and are foreign to the victim’s clothing. The marked traces are then analyzed to determine whether they indeed form a group of fibers indistinguishable from one another from an analytical standpoint. If confirmed, the properties of this fiber group—particularly color and chemical composition—may be communicated to investigators to help target suspect garments during future searches. Such garments can subsequently be used as comparison material for the fiber traces, or analyzed for other types of forensic evidence such as blood or touch DNA.

The search for microscopic textile fibers is presented here primarily from the perspective of criminal contact between a victim and a murderer, involving the systematic collection of microtraces from the victim’s body at the crime scene. This procedure follows a standardized forensic protocol, notably applied in Belgium. However, the sampling and examination of fiber microtraces can, of course, be performed on other substrates besides the body or clothing of the victim—such as a suspect’s garments, vehicle seats or trunk, a knife, or any other object used as a weapon.

The forensic examination of textile fibers remains a largely overlooked discipline, the value of which is often underestimated.

Expertise de fibres en police scientifique - Forenseek

Figure 2: Microtrace collection technique using adhesive tapes applied to a victim’s body. The “1:1” technique is illustrated (left) with small adhesive strips that conform to the body’s morphology, and (center) with wider adhesive strips allowing for faster collection (“semi-1:1”). The “zonal” technique is illustrated (right), showing a schematic division of the body into multiple areas that are successively dabbed with adhesive tapes. © 2015 The Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

The crucial role of the fiber expert

The forensic examination of textile fibers is a little-known discipline, the value of which is often underestimated. Like other forms of trace evidence, it does not directly enable the identification of an individual as the source of the recovered material—a limitation that may appear, at first glance, as a weakness. However, fiber analysis should not be viewed in opposition to DNA analysis, but rather as a complementary discipline: while DNA leads to identification, fibers can lead to the reconstruction of criminal activity !

The role of the expert is therefore critical. Beyond reporting analytical observations, the expert’s main responsibility is to inform the reader of the report about the interpretative value of the analytical results. While a DNA expert can, without risk of misunderstanding, report a match between the suspect’s genetic profile and the trace recovered from the victim’s neck, a fiber expert must exercise greater caution when interpreting the correspondence between fiber traces and the suspect’s clothing.

The key criterion for such interpretation lies in what is known as the rarity of the fibers analyzed. Forensic literature identifies the most common fiber types as primarily cotton, followed by polyester, particularly in black, grey, or blue shades. These fiber types are therefore more likely to produce coincidental matches due to their high prevalence in the textile market. Other, less common fiber types can be regarded as rarer, thereby adding greater evidential weight to an analytical correspondence between trace fibers and the suspect’s garments. Beyond published data, the ideal way to assess rarity is through access to a fiber database or by relying on extensive professional experience accumulated over many years in the field. The creation of a European fiber database has been under discussion for over a decade and continues to represent a promising initiative that may finally come to fruition in the coming years.

A transparent way to qualify the results of a fiber examination is to formulate weighted conclusions derived from an evaluative approach, particularly one based on Bayesian reasoning. To this end, the expert works with two competing hypotheses and assesses the likelihood of the analytical results under each. These hypotheses can be framed at different levels, but the central focus of fiber analysis is most often activity level. At this level, the first hypothesis (typically the prosecution hypothesis) reflects what the suspect is alleged to have done, while the second (the defense hypothesis) represents the suspect’s own account of events. This ensures that the expert considers both perspectives—prosecution and defense— when evaluating the findings. In this evaluative process, the expert naturally takes into account not only the rarity of the fibers but also the quantity and distribution of the traces, along with other case-specific factors such as transfer mechanisms, persistence, and background contamination. The evaluation ultimately tips the balance in favor of one hypothesis or the other, with a certain degree of strength. This weighting is explained in an annex to the expert report, enabling the reader to understand the strength of the conclusion (weak, moderate, or strong). Generally speaking, a fiber examination may yield strong conclusions supporting intense contact between the suspect and the victim, as opposed to the legitimate contact the suspect may claim. The fiber trace mapping on the victim’s body can reinforce these conclusions by indicating preferential areas of contact. In the end, a suspect who provides a plausible explanation for their presence or for their DNA being found at the crime scene may still find themselves betrayed by their clothing !

Sources : 

  • De Wael, Lepot, Lunstroot & Gason, 10 years of 1:1 taping in Belgium— A selection ofmurder cases involving fibre examination, Science & Justice 56 (2016) 18-28.
  • Lau, Spindler & Roux, The transfer of fibres between garments in a choreographed assault scenario, Forensic Science International 349 (2023) 111746.
  • Sheridan et al., A quantitative assessment of the extent and distribution of textile fibre transfer to persons involved in physical assault, Science & Justice 63 (2023) 509-516.
  • Lepot, Lunstroot & De Wael, Interpol review of fibres and textiles 2016-2019, Forensic Science International: Synergy 2 (2020) 481-488.
  • Lepot, Vanhouche, Vanden Driessche & Lunstroot, Interpol review of fibres and textiles 2019-2022, Forensic Science International: Synergy 6 (2023) 100307.
  • ENFSI, Guideline for evaluative reporting in forensic science, v3.0, https://enfsi.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/m1_guideline.pdf

Quand la forêt cache la vérité : comment le LiDAR aéroporté peut aider les enquêteurs en cas de disparition

Articles, News, Technological innovations, ,

Des disparitions difficiles à élucider :

Chaque année en France, près de 40 000 personnes sont signalées disparues. En 2022, l’association ARPD a comptabilisé 60 000 « disparitions inquiétantes », dont 43 200 mineurs ; environ 1 000 dossiers restent, en pratique, sans solution [1,2]. Avec le temps, la probabilité de retrouver une personne disparue, vivante ou simplement ses restes, chute drastiquement. La densité végétale des sous-bois voire des forêts constitue alors un obstacle majeur, rendant inefficaces aussi bien l’observation aérienne que les capacités olfactives des chiens de recherche [3]. Dans les territoires ultra-marins comme la Martinique, les disparitions sont également nombreuses et la topographie des principales zones de disparition sont un véritable frein aux battues et à l’utilisation de moyens plus conventionnels pour rechercher une personne disparue [4,5]. Des télépilotes de drones de la Gendarmerie Nationale sont souvent requis pour des recherches mais les drones utilisés ne sont équipés que d’un capteur optique qui peine à détecter quoi que ce soit au travers de la végétation. Malgré tout, les drones ne sont pas inutiles en termes de missions de sauvetage, leur utilisation est très répandue aux Etats-Unis pour localiser des personnes accidentées dans la nature, pour leur transmettre un moyen de communication voire des médicaments ou des provisions [6–8]. Lorsque la canopée et la végétation dense rendent les recherches classiques inefficaces, une alternative s’impose : le LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging). Déjà éprouvé dans de nombreux domaines dont l’archéologie, il pourrait apporter une véritable valeur ajoutée aux enquêtes judiciaires en milieu forestier [9–11].

Le pari du LiDAR

Le capteur LiDAR envoie jusqu’à 240 000 impulsions laser par seconde ; il mesure le temps que met chaque rayon à revenir à l’émetteur après avoir heurté un obstacle, reconstituant un nuage de points 3D [12]. Même si un gros pourcentage des faisceaux rebondit sur les feuilles, le reste atteint le sol et dessine son relief. On peut sélectionner une tranche de hauteur précise, par exemple, entre 15 et 50 cm au-dessus du sol supprimant de facto la canopée. Cette sélection donne accès aux différents volumes présents. Un corps ou un objet peuvent s’y distinguer du relief naturel [13].

Un test grandeur nature en Isère

En avril 2024, une équipe composée d’un anthropologue judiciaire et d’un spécialiste du télé pilotage et du capteur LiDAR a installé un volontaire allongé dans un bosquet de Montbonnot-Saint-Martin (Isère) ; afin de vérifier si un corps humain pouvait laisser une signature détectable par le capteur et ce malgré une densité de végétation importante. Le terrain, de 0,8 ha, recensait 721 arbres/ha et affichait un indice de végétation par différence normalisée (NDVI) entre +0,6 et +1, preuve d’une canopée particulièrement épaisse [13–15].

Deux capteurs LiDAR

Capteur (DJI)Échos max./pointVitesse de vol% de points « sol »Verdict
Zenmuse L131,9 m/s0,11 %Le corps est difficilement repérable
Zenmuse L252 m/s0,26 %Silhouette détectée en quelques clics

A la manière d’un GPS (Global Positioning System), l’écran de la radiocommande du drone permet d’avoir une vue au zenith de la zone de recherche. Lorsqu’une mission est programmée, une aire est renseignée et le logiciel du drone trace la route qu’il devra emprunter. Le drone avance en ligne droite puis arrivé à la limite de la zone opère une rotation à 90° avance, fait une nouvelle rotation de 90° et poursuit sa course dans le sens inverse. Lorsque le drone revient sur ses pas, le rayonnement du LiDAR recouvre le précédent passage permettant une acquisition sur et sous la canopée plus importante (figure 1).

Recherche de personnes en cas de disparition

Figure 1 : Schématisation du parcours d’un drone. Les bandes grises représentent les zones scannées par le LiDAR. Les zones gris foncé représente le recouvrement du faisceau qui s’opère à chaque passage du drone.

Le test démontre que, même sous canopée dense, un LiDAR de dernière génération peut capter suffisamment de points au sol pour détecter un corps en surface

À l’issue d’un vol de 7 minutes, les données sont importées dans DJI Terra Pro puis TerraSolid. Le filtrage sur la tranche 0,15–0,50 m met en évidence une sur-densité caractéristique à l’emplacement du volontaire. La comparaison avec une acquisition témoin sans corps permet de distinguer les anomalies naturelles (rochers, souches) et de préparer une matrice de vrais/faux positifs destinée à mesurer la robustesse statistique de l’alerte.

Météo, règlementation : les freins du terrain

Le test démontre que, même sous une canopée dense, un LiDAR de dernière génération peut capter suffisamment de points au sol pour détecter un corps en surface (figure 2). La sélection d’une bande de hauteur adaptée est essentielle pour réduire le bruit issu des rochers ou troncs. Les conditions météorologiques (pluie, brouillard, vent > 30 km/h) restent limitantes, tout comme l’autonomie du drone et les contraintes réglementaires de distance.

Recherche de personnes en cas de disparition

Figure 2 : A : acquisition sans corps disposé au sol, B : acquisition avec disposition au sol du volontaire.

L’intérêt est d’évaluer jusqu’à quel degré de décomposition les corps laisse une signature détectable par le LiDAR

Et pour la suite ?

Le LiDAR aéroporté offre un outil non destructif pour localiser des restes humains sous la végétation et documenter la topographie d’une scène en trois dimensions avant toute fouille, garantissant un accès en toute sécurité au corps. Son déploiement rapide (matériel léger, un à deux opérateurs) représente une alternative moins coûteuse et plus sûre que les battues humaines ou les vols hélicoptère dans un relief difficile.

Dans un premier temps, les recherches s’orientent plus sur la détection de corps de volontaires vivants mais pour les cas où les personnes sont supposées décédées, les tests devront être effectués sur des corps en état de décomposition. L’intérêt est d’évaluer jusqu’à quel degré de décomposition les corps laisse une signature détectable par le LiDAR. Ce genre de recherche ne peut avoir lieu en France à ce jour, des collaborations avec des laboratoires étrangers sont donc envisagées. Une autre possibilité serait de compléter l’utilisation du LiDAR avec d’autres capteurs comme les capteurs thermographiques ou multispectraux. Le capteur thermographique permettrait de détecter des sources de chaleurs liées à l’activité entomologique sur le corps [16]. Les capteurs multispectraux permettraient de détecter les modifications chimiques du sol ou de la végétation au fil du temps toujours en lien avec la putréfaction des corps [17,18].

En l’espace de quelques heures seulement, un simple nuage de points bruts se transforme en zone prioritaire à explorer

En conclusion

Cette étude démontre qu’un pourcentage infime de points “au sol” peut suffire à révéler la présence d’un corps dans une végétation habituellement considérée comme impénétrable. En l’espace de quelques heures seulement, un simple nuage de points bruts se transforme en zone prioritaire à explorer, réduisant à la fois l’étendue des recherches et l’attente anxieuse des familles. Reste à confirmer ces résultats sur d’autres types de forêts et avec de véritables donneurs, mais le LiDAR ouvre déjà une brèche dans l’opacité des disparitions.

Les résultats confirment que les capteurs LiDAR aéroportés sont capables de mettre en évidence la présence d’un corps dans des environnements fortement végétalisés. Dans les conditions les plus denses, la densité de points au sol a atteint 0,26 %. L’étude met en lumière la nécessité de perfectionner les techniques de post-traitement, en particulier la sélection des points du nuage et l’élaboration d’analyses de vrais/faux positifs, afin d’optimiser la fiabilité de la détection. Enfin, l’intégration de capteurs complémentaires, tels que les capteurs thermiques ou multispectraux, apparaît comme une piste prometteuse pour identifier plus finement les anomalies thermiques et les marqueurs chimiques associés à la décomposition.

Bibliographie

[1] ARPD | ARPD, (n.d.). https://www.arpd.fr/fr (accessed February 28, 2024).

[2] M. de l’Intérieur, Disparitions inquiétantes, http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-des-dossiers/2015-Dossiers/L-OCRVP-au-caeur-des-tenebres/Disparitions-inquietantes (accessed April 17, 2024).

[3] U. Pietsch, G. Strapazzon, D. Ambühl, V. Lischke, S. Rauch, J. Knapp, Challenges of helicopter mountain rescue missions by human external cargo: Need for physicians onsite and comprehensive training, Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 27 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-019-0598-2.

[4] C. Gratien, La mort de Benoit Lagrée officiellement reconnue, Martinique La 1ère (n.d.).

[5] Disparition de Marion à la Dominique : où en sont les recherches ?, guadeloupe.franceantilles.fr (2024). https://www.guadeloupe.franceantilles.fr/actualite/faits-divers/disparition-de-marion-a-la-dominique-ou-en-sont-les-recherches-976553.php (accessed October 25, 2024).

[6] C. Van Tilburg, First Report of Using Portable Unmanned Aircraft Systems (Drones) for Search and Rescue, Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 28 (2017) 116–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2016.12.010.

[7] Y. Karaca, M. Cicek, O. Tatli, A. Sahin, S. Pasli, M.F. Beser, S. Turedi, The potential use of unmanned aircraft systems (drones) in mountain search and rescue operations, The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 36 (2018) 583–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2017.09.025.

[8] H.B. Abrahamsen, A remotely piloted aircraft system in major incident management: Concept and pilot, feasibility study, BMC Emergency Medicine 15 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-015-0036-3.

[9] J.C. Fernandez-Diaz, W.E. Carter, R.L. Shrestha, C.L. Glennie, Now You See It… Now You Don’t: Understanding Airborne Mapping LiDAR Collection and Data Product Generation for Archaeological Research in Mesoamerica, Remote Sensing 6 (2014) 9951–10001. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6109951.

[10]    T.S. Hare, M.A. Masson, B. Russell, High-Density LiDAR Mapping of the Ancient City of Mayapán, Remote. Sens. 6 (2014) 9064–9085.

[11]    N.E. Mohd Sabri, M.K. Chainchel Singh, M.S. Mahmood, L.S. Khoo, M.Y.P. Mohd Yusof, C.C. Heo, M.D. Muhammad Nasir, H. Nawawi, A scoping review on drone technology applications in forensic science, SN Appl. Sci. 5 (2023) 233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05450-4.

[12]    Zenmuse L2, DJI (n.d.). https://enterprise.dji.com.

[13]    P. Nègre, K. Mahé, J. Cornacchini, Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) paired with LiDAR sensor to detect bodies on surface under vegetation cover: Preliminary test, Forensic Science International 369 (2025) 112411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2025.112411.

[14]    S. Li, L. Xu, Y. Jing, H. Yin, X. Li, X. Guan, High-quality vegetation index product generation: A review of NDVI time series reconstruction techniques, International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 105 (2021) 102640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2021.102640.

[15]    Z. Davis, L. Nesbitt, M. Guhn, M. van den Bosch, Assessing changes in urban vegetation using Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for epidemiological studies, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 88 (2023) 128080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2023.128080.

[16]    J. Amendt, S. Rodner, C.-P. Schuch, H. Sprenger, L. Weidlich, F. Reckel, Helicopter thermal imaging for detecting insect infested cadavers, Science & Justice 57 (2017) 366–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2017.04.008.

[17]    J. Link, D. Senner, W. Claupein, Developing and evaluating an aerial sensor platform (ASP) to collect multispectral data for deriving management decisions in precision farming, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 94 (2013) 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2013.03.003.

[18]    R.M. Turner, M.M. MacLaughlin, S.R. Iverson, Identifying and mapping potentially adverse discontinuities in underground excavations using thermal and multispectral UAV imagery, Engineering Geology 266 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105470.

AI-based facial reconstruction: a breakthrough in disaster victim identification

News,

When conventional identification methods reach their limits… In forensic medicine, identification traditionally relies on three so-called “primary” methods: genetic analysis (DNA), fingerprint comparison, and forensic odontology. Their reliability is well established, yet their effectiveness depends on the condition of the remains and the availability of comparative data. In large-scale disasters—earthquakes, plane crashes, terrorist attacks—bodies may be burned, mutilated, or decomposed, rendering DNA analysis uninterpretable and fingerprints unreadable. In other cases, the challenge lies in the absence of ante-mortem data: no dental records, no biometric registration, and sometimes no official administrative identification at all. These situations often leave forensic experts at a standstill. It is precisely in such contexts that innovative technologies, such as artificial intelligence-based facial reconstruction, open up new perspectives.

An innovation from Panjab University

In collaboration with Ankita Guleria and Vishal Sharma, Professor Kewal Krishan has developed a pioneering method of AI-assisted facial reconstruction. Their model focuses on three skeletal structures known for their resistance to post-mortem degradation: the mandible, the maxilla, and the dentition. These anatomical elements form a true morphological signature, as they directly influence chin width, cheekbone prominence, overall facial shape, and lip position.

By combining these anatomical data with an extensive database of anthropometric measurements collected from populations in northern India, the researchers successfully trained an algorithm capable of generating a digital face closely resembling the individual’s real appearance. The results are striking: an estimated accuracy rate of 95%, an exceptional figure for an indirect method of post-mortem identification. This innovation quickly drew attention—it has been officially registered and protected by the Indian Copyright Office, underscoring both its scientific value and its technological originality.

Remarkable accuracy, yet unavoidable limitations 

The reported 95% figure should not be interpreted as the artificial intelligence’s ability to produce a perfectly photographic portrait. Rather, it indicates that in the vast majority of cases, the features generated by the algorithm closely match those of the real individual. In practical terms, the model faithfully reproduces the general facial proportions, maintains consistency with key morphological characteristics, and achieves a sufficient degree of resemblance to effectively guide investigations toward a targeted identification.

However, it is important to emphasize that this technology retains a margin of uncertainty. Soft tissues—such as lip thickness, the precise shape of the nose, skin texture, and distinctive features like wrinkles or scars—cannot be inferred solely from bone structure. An additional methodological limitation lies in the fact that the algorithm was trained on a specific population from northern India; therefore, its accuracy may decrease when applied to other ethnic or geographic groups.

These factors demonstrate that AI-based facial reconstruction should be regarded primarily as a complementary tool—one that can orient and support the work of forensic experts, but without claiming to replace the primary methods of identification in forensic medicine.

The use of artificial intelligence in victim identification raises ethical, legal, and regulatory concerns that cannot be overlooked. From an ethical standpoint, the handling of post-mortem biometric data requires particular vigilance. Reconstructing a face from human remains must never come at the expense of the dignity of the deceased or the sensitivity of their families—especially since such reconstructions, even when scientifically sound, can be perceived as intrusive if shared without proper safeguards.

From a legal standpoint, another question arises: what evidential value could an AI-generated facial reconstruction have before a court? Until judicial procedures clearly define the role of this tool, its use will remain limited to an orientational function rather than serving as formal evidence. The issue of liability in the event of a misidentification also remains unresolved.

Europe imposes a strict regulatory environment. Such applications must comply with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and fall under the scope of the forthcoming European Artificial Intelligence Act, which specifically governs “high-risk” uses. In other words, the implementation of this technology in forensic contexts will depend not only on its scientific reliability but also on its ability to fit within a clear and protective legal framework.

Perspectives for victim identification

Despite these constraints, the prospects offered by AI-assisted facial reconstruction remain highly promising. In the context of mass disasters, this technology could complement DNA or odontological analyses, helping to accelerate identification processes and reduce the waiting time for families. It could also prove valuable in complex criminal investigations where a body is too damaged for primary identifiers to be usable. Moreover, it opens new avenues in archaeology and anthropology, where it could help restore the appearance of ancient individuals for whom no genetic material is available.

This advance reflects the growing convergence between artificial intelligence and forensic sciences. While it does not aim to replace traditional identification methods, it enriches the forensic toolkit by providing experts with an additional opportunity to restore an identity to victims who had long remained unknown.


References :

  • Guleria A., Krishan K., Sharma V. Methods of forensic facial reconstruction and human identification: historical background, significance and limitations. The Science of Nature, 110 (2023).
  • Guleria A. et al. Assessment of facial and nasal phenotypes: implications in forensic facial reconstruction. Archives of Biological Sciences, mars 2025.
  • Panjab University develops AI-based facial reconstruction models with up to 95 % accuracy using jaws and teeth dimensions. Indian Express, juillet 2025, consultable ici.
  • Panjab University secures copyright for AI tech that reconstructs faces from jaws. Hindustan Times, publié le 27 juillet 2025

An investigative otter trained for the search of submerged bodies

News,

In the United States, an otter named Splash has been trained to detect submerged human bodies using its extraordinary sense of smell. This unprecedented forensic initiative opens new perspectives for locating bodies in rivers and streams. In France, where four bodies were recently discovered in the Seine River, such a protocol could inspire the river brigades of the National Police and the National Gendarmerie, thereby enhancing the efficiency of judicial investigations.

Animals in the service of forensic science

For decades, animals have played a major role in criminal investigations and forensic science (see odorology and scent identification). Cadaver detection dogs are now indispensable assets in forensic investigations: they detect the volatile compounds associated with human decomposition and assist in locating buried or concealed bodies. However, in aquatic environments, these methods face significant limitations—reduced visibility, strong currents, and variable depths. It was under these conditions that an innovative idea emerged in Florida: assigning this mission to an animal perfectly adapted to aquatic environments. The otter—agile, fast, and gifted with an exceptional sense of smell—proved to be the ideal candidate. The Peace River K9 Search & Rescue association thus launched a pioneering program by training Splash, an Asian small-clawed otter who has become the world’s first “investigative otter.”

A unique training protocol: air bubbles simulating human decomposition

Splash’s training follows a precise and rigorous protocol. In the trainer’s backyard, pools were installed to create a controlled environment. The water is infused with air bubbles containing volatile organic compounds similar to those released by a decomposing human body.

The otter’s mission is clear: to detect these air bubbles invisible to the human eye. When it recognizes the scent, it immediately alerts its trainer by tugging on the mask he is wearing. This signal—simple yet effective—confirms the presence of a “target.” The concept relies on a remarkable and still little-studied ability: the otter can literally “taste” the air bubbles underwater, chemically detecting specific markers within them. Where divers and dogs reach their limits, the otter excels thanks to its natural ability to navigate complex and opaque aquatic environments.

The otter in the service of criminal investigations

American forensic authorities are closely monitoring this project. The FBI and the Florida Department of Law Enforcement have already expressed interest in this method, which could accelerate searches during criminal investigations or natural disasters. The potential applications are numerous:

  • Locating victims of drownings, homicides, or flash floods in lakes, ponds, rivers, or streams.
  • Quickly identifying submerged bodies in areas with low visibility.
  • Complementing existing search resources (divers, sonar, detection dogs).

For investigators and magistrates, this time saving is crucial: the discovery of a submerged body can provide essential forensic evidence (signs of violence, medico-legal analyses) before further decomposition occurs, allowing the judicial investigation to progress more rapidly.

Could France take inspiration from Splash?

En France, la découverte de quatre corps dans la Seine In France, the discovery of four bodies in the Seine River on August 13, 2025, in Choisy-le-Roi (Val-de-Marne), served as a reminder of how complex the search for submerged bodies remains. The river brigades of the National Gendarmerie and the National Police already deploy divers, sonar equipment, and cadaver detection dogs to locate victims. Yet, despite these resources, some cases remain unsolved due to the absence of recovered bodies. The use of animals such as otters could provide a valuable complementary tool. Their acute sense of smell, agility, and ability to operate underwater could increase the likelihood of discoveries—particularly in rivers like the Seine, where visibility is almost zero and currents can carry bodies far from their original immersion point. Such a system could also prove useful in other environments: dams, canals, or large ponds. In homicide or missing person cases, any technology or protocol capable of accelerating the location of a body represents a major asset for judicial investigations.

Limitations and ethical considerations

While the method has generated interest, it also raises several important questions. Training otters requires time, specialized expertise, and impeccable ethics concerning animal welfare. Integrating such animals into official search systems would necessitate strict protocols, scientific validation, and an appropriate legal framework. However, as with cadaver detection dogs, the potential benefits are such that a gradual adoption of this approach does not seem unrealistic. Investigators dealing with sensitive cases—such as homicides or disappearances—know how decisive each additional tool can be.

Conclusion

The story of Splash illustrates a new synergy between nature and forensic science. Where technology and divers reach their limits, animals endowed with extraordinary senses remind us that forensic investigation can also draw upon the living world. While the idea of integrating otters into river brigade operations may seem unconventional, it nonetheless represents a credible prospect: enhancing the efficiency of investigations and improving the chances of swiftly locating submerged bodies.

Références :

  • IFLScience – Meet Splash, the world’s first search-and-rescue otter hunting for missing people in Florida, consultable ici.
  • Popular Science – This otter is training to be a search and rescue diver, consultable ici.
  • Interesting Engineering – US otter trained for underwater search and rescue, consultable ici.

Heartbeat Detection as an Anti-Deepfake Tool

Articles, News, Technological innovations,

Deepfake videos generated by artificial intelligence are becoming increasingly realistic, threatening the integrity of digital evidence. To address this challenge, Dutch researchers have developed an innovative method to detect deepfakes using a previously overlooked biological marker: the heartbeat. Still under scientific validation, this approach could become a valuable tool in digital forensic investigations.

A biological signal impossible to fake?

At the core of this innovation is a team from the Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI), working with the University of Amsterdam. Their method relies on remote photoplethysmography (rPPG), a technique that detects subtle color variations in facial skin—on the forehead, around the eyes, or along the jawline—caused by blood flow at each heartbeat. Current deepfake algorithms are unable to simulate these micro-variations consistently, opening a promising path for detecting manipulated content.

An idea revived by technological progress

The concept dates back to 2012, when Professor Zeno Geradts explored video footage in criminal cases to assess whether the filmed individuals were alive. At the time, a MIT study had demonstrated that heart rate could be extracted from facial videos, but video compression destroyed the signal. Today, modern compression technologies preserve these micro-visual variations far better. The NFI team identified 79 facial points of interest to measure the signal and compared the results to biometric data from clinical sensors and smartwatches. Findings are encouraging, though some limitations remain—particularly with darker skin tones.

Figure 1. Principle of rPPG.
The absorption and reflection of light by the skin vary depending on hemodynamic activity under light sources (sunlight, lamps, etc.). These variations are recorded by imaging devices (cameras, webcams, smartphone lenses, etc.) as videos or images. Through algorithmic analysis, rPPG curves representing physiological information can be extracted from these videos.

A complementary tool for digital forensics

Heartbeat detection does not replace existing authentication methods but adds a valuable new dimension to forensic video examination. Other approaches remain crucial in the authentication process, such as analyzing electrical network frequency (ENF) traces embedded in images, identifying the recording sensor through its digital fingerprint (PRNU), or carrying out visual/automated checks of blinking patterns, abnormal movements, or generation artifacts (like a hand with six fingers). By combining these methods, experts can strengthen the reliability of their conclusions and stay ahead of forgers’ evolving tactics.

Robustness lies in combining traditional forensic techniques with AI-based approaches, rather than depending on one unique method.

A technological cat-and-mouse game

As new detection methods emerge, deepfake creators will inevitably attempt to circumvent them. In the near future, algorithms may try to artificially embed biological signals such as heartbeats into fake videos. This makes ongoing technological monitoring essential to stay one step ahead. As Geradts emphasizes, robustness lies in combining traditional forensic techniques with AI-based approaches, rather than depending on one unique method.

Towards judicial integration?

This approach is not yet deployed in real-world investigations—it is still undergoing scientific validation, with an academic publication expected in the coming months. However, researchers hope that in specific cases, particularly with high-quality videos, this method could soon be implemented. It opens a promising new avenue in the fight against digital evidence manipulation, leveraging a hard-to-fake truth: human physiology.

Références :

  • Geradts, Z., Pronk, P., & de Wit, S. (2025, mai). Heartbeat detection as a forensic tool against deepfakes. Présentation à l’European Academy of Forensic Science Conference (EAFS), Dublin.
  • Computer Weekly. (2025, 24 juillet). Dutch researchers use heartbeat detection to unmask deepfakes. Read here.
  • ForensicMag. (2025, 30 mai). Scientist Develops Method to Use Heartbeat to Reveal Deepfakes. Read here.
  • Amsterdam AI. (2025, 27 mai). Hartslaganalyse helpt deepfakes te ontmaskeren. Read here
  • DutchNews.nl. (2025, 25 mai). Dutch forensic experts develop deepfake video detector using heartbeat signals. Read here.
  • Poh, M.-Z., McDuff, D., & Picard, R. W. (2010). Advancements in non-contact, automated cardiac pulse measurements using video imaging. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab.

Touch DNA: a new approach to better understand the traces left behind

Articles, Forensic police, ,

In criminal investigations, DNA analysis plays a central role in identifying the perpetrators of crimes and offenses. However, not all biological traces provide the same type of information. Touch DNA—deposited involuntarily on a surface after simple contact—remains challenging to interpret for forensic experts.

Why do some individuals leave more DNA than others? A recent study conducted by researchers at Flinders University in Australia proposes an innovative method to objectively assess this variability. By examining the individual propensity to shed skin cells, the team opens new perspectives in forensic genetics and the interpretation of biological traces at crime scenes.

A genuine interindividual variability

Some individuals, described as “good shedders,” naturally deposit large quantities of skin cells on objects they handle. Others, by contrast, leave only minimal traces. This difference, long observed by forensic biologists, complicates the interpretation of DNA results, particularly when assessing the likelihood of direct contact between a person and an object.

Until now, reliably and reproducibly quantifying this variability has been difficult. The Australian study specifically addresses this gap, providing a rigorous scientific protocol.

A simple and reproducible measurement protocol

The researchers developed a protocol based on a series of controlled contacts carried out by 100 participants, each asked to touch a standardized surface. The deposited cells were then:

  • Stained with a fluorescent marker,
  • Counted using microscopy,
  • Subjected to genetic analysis to confirm the presence of recoverable DNA.

The results showed that, for 98 out of 100 participants, the level of cell deposition was stable and reproducible over time. This protocol allows individuals to be classified into three categories: high, moderate, or low skin cell shedders.

A tool to better contextualize touch DNA evidence

The value of this method extends beyond biology. It may serve as a tool for judicial contextualization. For instance, a suspect identified as a high shedder could account for the abundant presence of their DNA on an object without having taken part in the offense. Conversely, the absence of DNA from a low shedder does not exclude the possibility of contact.

This information could be incorporated into likelihood ratio calculations used in DNA interpretation, thereby strengthening the robustness of forensic assessments.

Future perspectives for forensic science

The proposed method has several advantages: it is inexpensive, easy to implement in the laboratory, and could be adapted to various objects and realistic conditions (different surfaces, durations of contact, humidity). Further validation studies are still required before widespread adoption. Ultimately, however, this approach could be integrated into routine biological trace analysis, providing valuable support to magistrates and investigators in evaluating the probative value of DNA evidence.

References

  • Petcharoen P., Nolan M., Kirkbride K.P., Linacre A. (2024). Shedding more light on shedders. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 72, 103065, read here.
  • Flinders University. (2024, August 22). Heavy skin shedders revealed: New forensic DNA test could boost crime scene investigations. ScienceDaily, read here.

Uncovering the meaning of suspicious injuries in cases of child abuse

Articles, Forensic medecine, News, ,

There is a certain difficulty in objectively identifying a cigarette burn in a forensic context, particularly when the victim cannot testify. Such lesions are of particular relevance in cases of suspected child abuse. Until now, diagnoses have relied mainly on the morphological appearance of the injuries, with no standardized tool to support a conclusion based on material evidence.

A striking clinical case of child abuse

A team from the Laboratory of Histological Pathology and Forensic Microbiology at the University of Milan investigated a suspected case of child abuse that resulted in the death of a child. Three circular lesions suggestive of cigarette burns were found on the body. A cigarette butt collected nearby further supported the suspicion of an intentional act. The challenge was to determine whether these marks were the result of deliberate harm. However, visual inspection and even conventional histology cannot always confirm the exact origin of such lesions. Hence the value of turning to a more refined and objective method.

The SEM–EDX method: a microscopic zoom on the lesion

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) allows the morphology of the injured skin to be observed with extreme precision, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) identifies the chemical elements present on the surface of the lesions. This analysis relied on internal calibration, applied both to samples of injured skin and to cigarette fragments collected at the scene.

Elemental signatures of an intentional act

The results revealed a circular lesion with a reddish base, consistent with intense thermal contact. The chemical composition detected by EDX contained elements typically associated with tobacco combustion, in particular sulfur trioxide and phosphorus oxides, confirming combustion rather than mere environmental residues. Combined with the histological findings, this analysis demonstrated that the injury had occurred prior to death, providing an objective element supporting the likelihood of abuse.

A tool to strengthen forensic expertise

The study demonstrates that SEM–EDX analysis, combined with histology, represents a significant advancement in the characterization of suspicious lesions in the context of child abuse. It moves beyond visual assessment to provide objective and reproducible data, essential in judicial proceedings. By overcoming the limitations of visual inspection, this approach delivers results based on reproducible physico-chemical evidence, thereby reinforcing the robustness of forensic conclusions in light of judicial requirements.

Conclusion

This study paves the way for broader integration of analytical microscopy into forensic practices. By combining scientific rigor with judicial investigation, it offers a robust method for clarifying the nature of lesions whose origin often remains uncertain. The approach could also be applied to other types of injuries, such as those caused by heat sources or chemical agents. This progress deserves to be extended and validated on a larger number of cases in order to refine its reliability.

Références :

  • Tambuzzi S. et al. (2024). Pilot Application of SEM/EDX Analysis on Suspected Cigarette Burns in a Forensic Autopsy Case of Child Abuse. American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology, 45(2), 135‑143. Read here.
  • Faller-Marquardt M., Pollak S., Schmidt U. (2008). Cigarette Burns in Forensic Medicine. Forensic Sci. Int., 176(2–3), 200–208
  • Maghin F. et al. (2018). Characterization With SEM/EDX of Microtraces From Ligature in Hanging. Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol., 39(1), 1–7, read here.

How do nature indicates the presence of a corpse ?

Articles, News, Scientific progress,

What if fungal spores and pollen grains could reveal the secrets of clandestine graves? That is the hypothesis explored by an international team of researchers in Colombia, who conducted a pioneering experiment combining mycology and palynology in a forensic context. 

A biological approach to detecting illegal graves

In an experimental project carried out in Bogotá, two graves simulating clandestine burials were dug — one empty, the other containing a pig cadaver (a standard human body substitute in forensic science). Soil samples were collected and analyzed at different depths to study fungal and pollen communities composition. The aim of the study was to determine whether decomposed organic remains alter the soil’s microbial and plant-based communities, and whether these biological signatures could serve as spatial and temporal indicators in criminal investigations. 

Revealing fungal and pollen richness

The results showed that soil from the pits containing a carcass exhibits greater fungal richness (higher species diversity), notably with species such as Fusarium oxysporum and Paecilomyces, whose frequency increased in the presence of decomposition. These organisms, capable of degrading nitrogen-rich compounds such as keratin, could serve as indicators of buried organic remains.

Fungal structures of Fusarium oxysporum observed under optical microscopy.
A and B: macroconidia; C: chlamydospores. © David Esteban Duarte-Alvarado

On the palynology side, pollen grains identified at 50 cm depth—including Borago officinalis, Poa sp., and Croton sonderianus—are typical of the dry season. In contrast, the pollens found at 30 cm correspond to the rainy season. This stratified distribution could allow investigators to estimate the burial and exhumation periods with greater accuracy.

Integrating soil biology into criminal investigations

This study is the first to provide experimental data on mycology and palynology in an equatorial tropical context, a field largely unexplored in forensic science until now. It paves the way for a more systematic integration of these disciplines in crime scene investigations involving clandestine graves or the search for buried remains. While preliminary, the findings demonstrate the value of biological approaches as a complement to conventional forensic methods especially in regions where climatic conditions influence decomposition dynamics.

Conclusion

This study is part of a broader research effort into biological indicators left by buried bodies. After trees and roots that can signal underground anomalies, it is now fungi and pollen that emerge as silent witnesses of clandestine deaths. This microbiological approach expands the toolkit of forensic archaeology, as practiced by experts such as those from the French Gendarmerie. By combining invisible biological traces with conventional excavation and stratigraphic analysis techniques, it enables a more precise reading of the soil—and the criminal stories it may conceal.

Reference :
Tranchida, M. C., et al. (2025). Mycology and palynology: Preliminary results in a forensic experimental laboratory in Colombia, South America. Journal of Forensic Sciences.
Full article here.

When artificial intelligence reads the signs of death

Articles, Forensic medecine, News

Estimating the postmortem interval (PMI) largely relies on identifying (scoring) the stage of decomposition (SOD) of the body. Until now, this crucial step has been performed primarily by human experts using semi-objective visual methods. However, these approaches suffer from significant limitations: subjectivity, processing time, and difficulties in handling massive datasets.

A recent study conducted by the University of Tennessee investigates the contribution of artificial intelligence (AI) to automating this classification. Drawing on a dataset of over 1.5 million images of decomposing bodies documented under real conditions between 2011 and 2023, the researchers trained two convolutional neural network (CNN) models: Inception V3 and Xception.

A segmented anatomical approach based on deep learning

The study employed a strategy of decomposition stage scoring by anatomical region (head, trunk, and limbs), consistent with the methods of Megyesi (4 stages) and Gelderman (6 stages). Images were automatically sorted and then manually annotated by an expert according to these reference systems. The AI models were subsequently trained through transfer learning and tested on unseen images.

Performance results are highly promising, particularly with the Xception model, which achieved a high F1-score for both methods—an indicator of an AI model’s ability to generate predictions that are both accurate and comprehensive. Results were more modest for the limbs, owing to variability in photographic conditions.

A reliability equivalent to human experts?

To evaluate the performance of artificial intelligence against human experts, the researchers conducted an inter-rater test on 300 thoracic images. Three specialists classified the decomposition stages of these images using the two recognized methods, and their results were compared with those generated by the AI.

Agreement was assessed using Fleiss’ Kappa coefficient. For the Megyesi method, results revealed a “substantial” agreement between AI classifications and those of human experts (κ = 0.637), a score very close to that observed among the experts themselves (κ = 0.67). These findings highlight the significant alignment of AI with expert evaluations, thereby reinforcing the validity and relevance of this automated approach.

Challenges to overcome for operational integration

Annotation carried out by a single expert introduces bias, while the use of a unique environmental context limits the generalizability of the results. Lower performance on limb regions highlights the need for greater data diversification, particularly through the inclusion of varied climatic conditions. A multicenter dataset annotated by multiple experts would provide a more robust reference base, ensuring improved generalization and increased reliability of the models.

Perspectives: toward AI-augmented forensics

This study represents a step forward in the automation of taphonomic analysis. Other work, such as that of Smith et al. (2024) using Bayesian models, or the growing use of 3D imaging and the necrobiome, suggest a convergence of AI, biological, and environmental approaches for a more accurate and less subjective estimation of the PMI.

Automating the assessment of decomposition stage allows for substantial time savings while reducing inter-observer variability. However, further efforts are needed to expand datasets and to develop standardized annotation protocols. The integration of algorithms such as those described here could transform forensic practice by facilitating the exploitation and analysis of large image databases, as well as their application in crisis situations (disasters, conflicts).

References :

  • Nau, A.-M. et al. (2024). Towards Automation of Human Stage of Decay Identification: An Artificial Intelligence Approach. arXiv:2408.10414.
  • Megyesi, M.S. et al. (2005). Using accumulated degree-days to estimate the postmortem interval from decomposed human remains. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 50(3), 618–626.
  • Gelderman, H. et al. (2018). The development of a post-mortem interval estimation for human remains found on land in the Netherlands. Int. J. Legal Med., 132(3), 863–873.
  • Smith, D.H. et al. (2024). Modeling human decomposition: a Bayesian approach. arXiv:2411.09802.
  • Infante, D. (2025). How AI and 3D Imaging are Transforming Body Farm Research. AZoLifeSciences.
  • Piraianu, A.-I. et al. (2023). Enhancing the evidence with algorithms: how artificial intelligence is transforming forensic medicine. Diagnostics, 13(18), 2992.

When teeth talk : How dental tartar serves toxicology

Articles, News, Scientific progress

Initially exploited in archaeology, dental calculus is now revealing its potential in forensic science. It retains traces of ingested substances, opening the way to post-mortem analysis of drug intake and psychoactive compounds.

Dental calculus: A neglected but valuable matrix

Dental calculus forms through the gradual mineralization of dental plaque, a biofilm composed of saliva, microorganisms, and food residues. This process traps various compounds present in the oral cavity, including xenobiotics such as drugs or their metabolites. Its crystalline structure grants this matrix an excellent preservation properties for the substances it contains, while making it resistant to external degradation, including in post-mortem or archaeological contexts.

A new path for tracking illicit substances

Recently, a research team demonstrated the feasibility of a toxicological approach based on the analysis of dental calculus using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In a study involving ten forensic cases, the researchers detected 131 substances in tartar, compared to 117 in blood—sometimes in higher concentrations within the tartar. The method enabled the identification of common drugs such as cocaine, heroin, and cannabinoids, even in cases where they were no longer detectable in conventional matrices (Sørensen et al., 2021). These substances, absent from the blood, were often present in higher concentrations in dental tartar.

A long-lasting and discreet witness

This approach offers several clear advantages. It allows the detection of substance use weeks or even months after ingestion. Tartar sampling is non-invasive and applicable to skeletal remains, making it particularly relevant in archaeological and forensic anthropology contexts. It can help reconstruct consumption habits, medical treatments, or causes of death in situations where blood, urine, or hair are unavailable.

A promising method to be further developed

One of the main strengths of this technique lies in its ability to exploit a matrix that is often overlooked but commonly available on teeth. Only a few milligrams are needed to conduct a reliable analysis—provided the trapped substances remain stable over time. This method also opens the possibility of broadening the range of detectable compounds, pending further validation.

While promising, this avenue still requires additional research to standardize protocols, assess the long-term stability of molecules, and fully integrate this approach into routine forensic toxicology practices. Although still in its exploratory phase, the method offers remarkable potential for the use of alternative matrices and opens new perspectives for forensic toxicology.

Reference:

  • Sørensen LK, Hasselstrøm JB, Larsen LS, et al. Entrapment of drugs in dental calculus: detection validation based on test results from post-mortem investigations. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 319: 110647.
  • Reymond C, Le Masle A, Colas C, et al. A rational strategy based on experimental designs to optimize parameters of a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of complex matrices. Talanta 2019; 205: 120063.
  • Radini A, Nikita E, Buckley S, Copeland L, Hardy K. Beyond food: The multiple pathways for inclusion of materials into ancient dental calculus. Am J Phys Anthropol 2017; 162: 71–83.
  • Henry AG, Piperno DR. Using plant microfossils from dental calculus to recover human diet: a case study from Tell al-Raqā’i, Syria. J Archaeol Sci 2008; 35: 1943–1950.